Ottoman Empire Society and Structure

The Ottoman Empire was organized into a very complicated social structure  because it was a large, multi-ethnic and multi-religious empire. Ottoman society was divided between Muslims and non-Muslims, with Muslims theoretically having a higher standing than Christians or Jews. During the early years of Ottoman rule, a Sunni Turkish minority ruled over a Christian majority, as well as a sizable Jewish minority. Key Christian ethnic groups included the Greeks, Armenians, and Assyrians, as well as Coptic Egyptians. As people of the Book, other monotheists were treated with respect. Under the millet system, the people of each faith were ruled and judged under their own laws: for Muslims, canon law for Christians, and halakha for Jewish citizens. Although non-Muslims sometimes paid higher taxes, and Christians were subject to the  blood tax, a tax paid in male children, there was not a lot of day-to-day differentiation between people of different faiths. In theory, non-Muslims were barred from holding high office, but enforcement of that regulation was lax during much of the Ottoman period. During the later years, non-Muslims became the minority due to secession and out-migration, but they were still treated quite equitably. By the time the Ottoman Empire collapsed after World War I, its population was 81% Muslim. Government Versus Non-Government Workers Another important social distinction was that between people who worked for the government versus people who did not. Again, theoretically, only Muslims could be part of the sultans government, although they could be converts from Christianity or Judaism. It did not matter if a person was born free or was a slave; either could rise to a position of power. People associated with the Ottoman court or divan were considered higher status than those who were not. They included members of the sultans household, army and navy officers and enlisted men, central and regional bureaucrats, scribes, teachers, judges, and lawyers, as well as members of the other professions. This entire bureaucratic machinery made up only about 10% of the population, and was overwhelmingly Turkish, although some minority groups were represented in the bureaucracy and the military through the devshirme system. Members of the governing class ranged from the sultan and his grand vizier, through regional governors and officers of the Janissary corps, down to nisanci or court calligrapher.  The government became known collectively as the Sublime Porte, after the gate to the administrative building complex. The remaining 90% of the population were the tax-payers who supported the elaborate Ottoman bureaucracy. They included skilled and unskilled laborers, such as farmers, tailors, merchants, carpet-makers, mechanics, etc. The vast majority of the sultans Christian and Jewish subjects fell into this category. According to Muslim tradition, the government should welcome the conversion of any subject who was willing to become Muslim. However, since Muslims paid lower taxes than members of other religions, ironically it was in the Ottoman divans interests to have the largest possible number of non-Muslim subjects. A mass conversion would have spelled economic disaster for the Ottoman Empire. In Summary Essentially, then, the Ottoman Empire had a small but elaborate government bureaucracy, made up almost entirely of Muslims, most of them of Turkish origin. This divan was supported by a large cohort of mixed religion and ethnicity, mostly farmers, who paid taxes to the central government. Source Sugar, Peter. Ottoman Social and State Structure. Southeastern Europe Under Ottoman Rule, 1354 - 1804. University of Washington Press, 1977.

The Impact Of Diversity On The Workplace - 1609 Words

3.2. Positive impacts The diversity has always been a concern for businesses and governments because the minority can feel sometimes left out and excluded for the employment sector. Therefore it has always been a priority for any government. They want to prove that they have been elected and are representing the entire population not just a group of people. Also businesses want to send a good image to their customers that they care about everyone even the minority. First of all, Kirton and Greene (2005) said that every company has the legal obligation to promote diversity in the organisation in order to avoid social injustice within the workplace and reduce disadvantages experienced by some minorities or social group. It is important†¦show more content†¦An organisation that promotes diversity shows their employees that they don’t have to worry about their ethnicity or cultural background in order for them to progress in that company. Only relevant things like competency and the knowledge of the work matter the most. (Bryan, 1999) According to Triandis (1994), managing a diverse workforce means that the company had to change their old ways of doing things and adjust to a new way because that organisation needed to do more research and analysis in order to find the right way or procedure that works best for everyone. Leach, George and LaBelle (1995) have used to word working with diversity instead of using the usual word â€Å"managing†. According to them, the word â€Å"working† sounds much better because it is a way of showing respect to the diverse workforce instead of using the term â€Å" managing† which sounds a bit pejorative. They believed so because when someone says managing, it is like they are describing a sub group within that organisation. Therefore, the company or organisation that promotes diversity need to be very patient in order to observe and learn how to promote diversity in their workplace. After many examinations, Finney (1989) believed that companies did use diversity in their workplace environment not only because they law required them to do so but also because they did what was right for them in term of success, growth and also to satisfy the demand of their

The Chosen Essay Research Paper The Chosen 2 free essay sample

The Chosen Essay, Research Paper The Chosen The Chosen, a fiction novel written in 1967 by Chaim Potok, is about two immature Judaic male childs and their friendly relationship. It takes us along with them on their journey from adolescence to maturity. They face many struggles, and through those tests the writer makes his readers think more deeply into life s true significances. The novel was set in New York during the Second World War. Since the chief characters are Jews, this period of clip is really important. Not merely were the Jews persecuted during WWII, but New York was besides near to a military base, which made it a premier mark for bombardment. Even the scene has an implicit in sense of tenseness. One of the supporters in The Chosen is Reuven Malter. Reuven is an Orthodox Judaic male child. He is a really smart and persevering pupil. His male parent, David Malter raises Reuven entirely in Brooklyn, New York as his female parent has already passed off. We will write a custom essay sample on The Chosen Essay Research Paper The Chosen 2 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Reuven has spectacless, brown hair and eyes, and frocks in the typical Orthodox mode. A field male child, he has a bright head and a really caring psyche. The other supporter in the novel is Danny Saunders. Danny is the boy of a really devoted Hasidic Jewish tzaddik. However, Danny is non a really enthusiastic Hasid. He has earlocks, grows a face fungus, and wears the traditional Hasidic outfit, but he doesn # 8217 ; t have the fear for it that he should. Danny is a mastermind. His faith forbids him to read literature from the outside universe, so he struggles with his thirst for cognition and the restraints that have been put on him by both his male parent and his faith. He lives with his male parent, female parent, older sister, and younger brother in Brooklyn every bit good. The first adversary is Danny. He and Reuven had many troubles. They resolve their jobs in the class of the book, but at the get downing they hate each other. Their spiritual positions are besides really oppo site. Once they overcome their differences, they become best friends. Reb Saunders is the 2nd adversary. A Hassidic tzaddik, he led his people into freedom in America. Reb has strange thoughts on raising Danny. He believes that silence will learn Danny compassion and give him an apprehension for hurting. He does non speak to his boy about anything but the Talmud. Loving and esteeming each other vastly, Reb and Danny merely neer acquire a opportunity to show their feelings with one another. Reb holds Danny back and doesn # 8217 ; t let him to make his full potency, because he feels it is best for Danny. The most of import supporting character is David Malter, Reuven # 8217 ; s male parent. Mr. Malter is a journalist. Weak and frequently badly, he is a Zionist proud of his faith and heritage. He provides Danny with a worldview giving him the chance to spread out his head and broaden his point of view. He besides gives Reuven assurance and the ability to do his ain determinations. He supports Reuven, helps him through difficult times, and portions penetrations with him. A adult male must make full his life with significance, significance is non automatically given to life. It is difficult work to make full one s life with significance, Mr. Malter one time said to his boy. Reuven Acts of the Apostless as a buffer between Reb and Danny Saunders. Since Reb feels he can # 8217 ; t speak to Danny in order to raise him decently, he talks to Reuven about Danny. They talk to each other through Reuven. Reuven is besides a really supportive and encouraging friend to Danny. He gives him advice and is willing to listen to Danny’s jobs. In this predominately Judaic scene, Billy Merrit and Tony Savo give Reuven a window into the outside universe. Reuven learned about Gentile civilization when with them. They serve an of import function in the novel by learning Reuven that enduring is cosmopolitan and life International Relations and Security Network # 8217 ; t ever just. It truly awakened him to new thoughts. Each of the chief characters have obvious defects. Danny has a good head, but no psyche. He is superb, but he unable to associate to people. Reuven is really bright and relates good to people, but he finds forgiveness hard in pattern. When other characters incorrect him, Reuven begrudges them and struggles with clemency. Reb Saunders merely knew what was around him and what he had been taught. His worldview didn T hunt for decisions about affairs bigger than his ain circle. In the beginning of the book, both Reuven # 8217 ; s and Danny # 8217 ; s rival schools play baseball against each other. Near the termin al of the game, Reuven gets hit in the oculus with a ball Danny hits. As a piece of glass gets wedged in his oculus, Reuven requires surgery and a stay in the infirmary. Here he meets Billy and Tony, his first Gentile contacts. This accident really brings Reuven and Danny together and the two begin passing a batch of clip with each other. Reuven begins to larn about the battles Danny is confronting with his male parent and the limitations of his faith. Danny is destined to inherit his male parent s occupation as a tzaddik, although he could hold a bright hereafter elsewhere. For this ground, Danny does non desire to follow in his male parent s footfalls, wanting to go a psychologist alternatively. He knows that he couldn t unrecorded if he were confined into the ways of his male parent all his life, but he dreads stating his male parent about his pick. Because of his regard of his male parent, he doesn T privation to let down him. Yet, he doesn T privation to fling his faith either. Although his male parent wants to raise him as he himself was raised, he realizes that he can t anticipate to maintain such a mastermind in the coop. Reb finds out about Danny s programs for the hereafter, and although they contradict the manner he would hold wanted Danny to go on with his life, he agrees to allow Danny make up ones mind for himself. Satisfied as a male parent, Reb says, I had to do certain his psyche would be the psyche of a tzaddik no affair what he did with his life. Once Reb has given his boy freedom, Danny remains faithful to his faith and, although he is non as devout, goes out into the universe. Throughout this novel, there is an implicit in force of bias. The two different Judaic religious orders are prejudiced against one another. Alongside, WWII besides has a batch of biass locked up in it. The Zionist and anti-Zionist motions were prejudiced toward each other and many of these illustrations are found in the novel. Reuven Malter narrated The Chosen. This gives it a vernal position. It is really descriptive. Potok used many elaborate vocabulary words to pass on his point. A batch of nonliteral linguistic communication helps develop analogies and penetrations, every bit good. The Chosen is a really insightful novel about the Judaic civilization and the tests that come with turning

50 Synonyms for Idea

50 Synonyms for Idea 50 Synonyms for â€Å"Idea† 50 Synonyms for â€Å"Idea† By Mark Nichol What’s the big idea? Or, more appropriately, what kind of idea is it? Many ways of expressing the idea of an idea await your consideration; here’s an extensive but not necessarily comprehensive list (including other connotations and meanings of the various synonyms): 1. Abstraction: a theoretical idea; also, the process of abstracting, the condition of being disassociated, an abstract work of art, or the quality of being preoccupied 2. Apprehension: the act or quality of becoming aware or grasping a meaning; also, the act of arresting someone or to a sense of foreboding 3. Assumption: a statement taken for granted; also, the act of taking for granted that something is true, or taking something on or laying claim to it, or arrogance or pretension 4. Belief: something held to be true or proper; also, a conviction that something is true, or the state of mind in which someone places confidence in someone or something 5. Brain wave: see brainstorm; also, variations in voltage in the brain, and resulting electrical currents 6. Brainchild: an idea or product one has thought up or created 7. Brainstorm: A sudden idea; also, a brief bout of insanity 8. Caprice: a sudden change in an idea or way of thinking; also, a whimsical inclination, or a lively musical composition 9. Chimera: a fantasy or unrealistic idea; also, an imaginary or mythological creature with anatomical features of various animals or biological phenomena involving genetic diversity in a single organism 10. Cogitation: a distinct idea; also, the act of thinking, or the capacity to do so 11. Cognition: the result of a mental process; also, the mental process itself 12. Conceit: an imaginative idea, or an idea held to be true or appropriate; also, excessive self-regard, a complicated or far-reaching metaphor, a theme, or a fancy trinket 13. Conception: an idea, or the result of abstract thinking; also, the forming or understanding of ideas, the body of ideas that constitute one’s understanding of something, or a beginning or the process of beginning pregnancy 14. Conclusion: an idea formed based on consideration, or a judgment or inference; also, a result or the act of bringing something to an end, or of deciding or summing up a legal case 15. Conjecture: an idea inferred or supposed, or reached by deduction; also, something that has yet to be proven or disproven 16. Conviction: a strongly held idea; also, the state of mind of someone who firmly holds an idea as true, or the act of finding someone guilty of a crime or the state of being found or having been found guilty 17. Delusion: an idea that is mistaken or misleading; also, the act of state of having false ideas, or holding such a false idea as a symptom of mental illness 18. Fancy: see primary definition of whim; also, liking for something, or imagination 19. Freak: see primary definition of whim; also, a strange event, person, or thing, or a person who is enthusiastic about or obsessed with something 20. Guess: an idea one has based on initial or incomplete information 21. Hallucination: an idea or sensory phenomenon produced by a drug or a mental disorder 22. Hunch: see intuition; also, a bulge or lump 23. Hypothesis: an unproven idea assumed to be true as a basis for experimentation or investigation 24. Illusion: see the primary definition of delusion; also, a misleading phenomenon, or the fact or state of being misled 25. Image: a mental picture, or an idea one is able to envision based on words; also, a depiction or picture, the ideal depiction of someone or something based on propaganda or publicity, or someone who closely resembles another 26. Impression: an uncertain or vague idea; also, the act of pressing something into a medium or material to make an outline of it, or producing a figurative equivalent in someone’s mind, or the literal or figurative result of such an action, or an imitation, for the purposes of entertainment, of a well-known person 27. Inspiration: an imaginative idea or feeling; also, something that prompts or is the product of such an idea or feeling, the quality or state of this condition, or the prompting of emotion or thinking, or the act of breathing in 28. Intellection: the act of thinking or reasoning 29. Intuition: an idea based on a sudden realization, or on feeling without conscious thinking 30. Kink: see the primary definition of whim; also, an unusual or clever approach, an eccentricity or fetish, a curl, twist, or other imperfection, or a cramp 31. Mind’s eye: the ability to envision ideas or depictions, or the product of this ability 32. Notion: an idea or understanding that may be imaginative or speculative; also, something believed to be true or appropriate, or, in plural form, practical personal or hygienic items 33. Observation: an idea based on awareness or notice; also, adherence to a custom, principle, or rule, the act of seeing or thinking about something or the ability to do so, the gathering of information or evidence, or the state of being noticed or watched 34. Opinion: a statement or idea one holds to be true or appropriate; also, a judicial statement summarizing a decision about a case 35. Perception: an idea based on noticing; also, awareness, or the ability to understand 36. Phantasm: a misleading idea; also, a fantasy, a ghost, or an illusion 37. Picture: a mental image; also, a copy, depiction, or image, an exemplar, or a set of circumstances 38. Preconception: an idea assumed before careful consideration 39. Prejudice: an idea or feeling of dislike or animosity about someone or something; also, wrong done to someone 40. Premonition: an idea or feeling of impending action or occurrence 41. Prepossession: see the primary definition of prejudice; also, an obsession with one idea or thing 42. Presentiment: see premonition 43. Reflection: an idea formed, or a comment made, after careful thinking; also, the act of careful thinking, or something that causes a negative response, or the return of light or sound waves from a surface, the creation of such a phenomenon, or the phenomenon itself 44. Speculation: consideration of what may be true or what may happen; also, a risky investment with potential for great profit, or the act of investing in this manner 45. Supposition: an idea based on preliminary consideration, or one that someone believes 46. Surmise: see guess 47. Theory: an unproven idea, or one presented for consideration; also, a group of ideas or principles 48. Thought: an idea formed in one’s mind; also, the act of thinking, a way of thinking, or an intention, or consideration or the power to consider 49. Vagary: an odd or unpredictable idea 50. Whim: an unusual and perhaps sudden idea; also, a rotating drum or shaft Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Passed vs PastItalicizing Foreign WordsHow Do You Fare?

Free Essays on Affinity With Nature

Affinity with Nature Wolfgang Laid is a very well known artist in Europe that has an â€Å" affinity with nature†. In one of the paragraphs that talk about Laid, the authors mention that the artist has a background in medical school. He passed his exams, but he did not choose to go on his way of becoming a doctor. On the contrary he called himself an artist the moment he passed his medical exams. The authors also mention that Laid believes that there is more to everything that surrounds us than just the simple existence of things, but also the meanings that make us see the changes around us. Laid thinks that the experience he has with nature is the most important. His main theme in his artworks is pollen and also as the authors mention it is also the main material that he uses to create his art. To express the changes of time he chooses many types of pollen and he gathers it himself from many different type of plants. For many times it takes as long as a whole season in order to be able to gather as much pollen as he thinks he needs. One interesting art piece that he created is not made out of pollen, but it still took him a long time to make and made him experience with patience. The artwork is made out of marble and milk, also called Milkstone. During a period of time he managed lay the milk on top of the marble in suck a way that the â€Å"marble and milk became one† as he says. He tends to express his interest in this particular combination of forms because it takes a period of time to come up with a change in form. His artwork is very simple and full of unity. I believe his main concern is the relationship between the human body and nature. He expresses a lot of patience when he is picking up the pollen, or pouring the milk on to the marble stone. Usually nature has its moments of calm, also moments of irritating anger. As the human body tends to express anger, happiness or calm, the author sees a... Free Essays on Affinity With Nature Free Essays on Affinity With Nature Affinity with Nature Wolfgang Laid is a very well known artist in Europe that has an â€Å" affinity with nature†. In one of the paragraphs that talk about Laid, the authors mention that the artist has a background in medical school. He passed his exams, but he did not choose to go on his way of becoming a doctor. On the contrary he called himself an artist the moment he passed his medical exams. The authors also mention that Laid believes that there is more to everything that surrounds us than just the simple existence of things, but also the meanings that make us see the changes around us. Laid thinks that the experience he has with nature is the most important. His main theme in his artworks is pollen and also as the authors mention it is also the main material that he uses to create his art. To express the changes of time he chooses many types of pollen and he gathers it himself from many different type of plants. For many times it takes as long as a whole season in order to be able to gather as much pollen as he thinks he needs. One interesting art piece that he created is not made out of pollen, but it still took him a long time to make and made him experience with patience. The artwork is made out of marble and milk, also called Milkstone. During a period of time he managed lay the milk on top of the marble in suck a way that the â€Å"marble and milk became one† as he says. He tends to express his interest in this particular combination of forms because it takes a period of time to come up with a change in form. His artwork is very simple and full of unity. I believe his main concern is the relationship between the human body and nature. He expresses a lot of patience when he is picking up the pollen, or pouring the milk on to the marble stone. Usually nature has its moments of calm, also moments of irritating anger. As the human body tends to express anger, happiness or calm, the author sees a...

David Sedaris' The Learning Curve Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

David Sedaris' The Learning Curve - Essay Example The author has rightly presented that the essay â€Å"The Learning Curve† is witty and artful. Here, Sedaris does not conform to the aspect of seriousness, which most artists employ in literary fiction or in the category of serious nonfiction. Sedaris in this essay, therefore, does not aspire to the formality that is adopted in most literary works. For this reason, this essay, including other essays by Sedaris, make him unique. Sedaris works are, therefore, different, compared to the works of other authors today, who has taught in universities or higher learning institutions, and whose works are examined in seminar rooms. Sedaris does not, therefore, share similar objectives with the other such authors, whose ambition is to set standards in the literary world. â€Å"The Learning Curve† is light and full of humor, and lacks seriousness and profoundness. This essay is also simple, thus easy for the reader to understand. The straightforwardness employed by Sedaris in the e ssay does not require a reader to interpret or look for the literary meaning of the essay. In addition, the prose employed in the essay is simple. On the contrast, a serious essay would require a reader to consider the implications of the art form and to read the essay with considerable emotional depth. However, in Sedaris’ essay, a reader is not required to make such efforts. Instead, the essay is easy to read, artful, and entertaining. There are various humorous situations in the essay â€Å"The Learning Curve.† A part of the humor in the essay centers on the teaching methods of Sedaris at the beginning. For instance, Sedaris asks his students for food recipes for his slow cooker (Sedaris 86). He then tries to convince his students that this would help them to develop their writing outlines. Additionally, Sedaris plays his favorable his favorite soap operas after which he asks his students to write papers on what would happen next (Sedaris 86). In another instance, Sedaris asks his students that writing becomes fiction when they write it down and fail to say it loud (Sedaris 92-3). Another humorous situation in this essay is when Sedaris opens his briefcase during his first class, and lets out leaf-shaped papers, which he wants his students to use as nametags, â€Å"I arrived bearing name tags fashioned in the shape of maple leaves. I’d cut them myself out of orange construction paper and handed them out along with a box of straight pins. .† (Sedaris 84). Although Sedaris made these tags by himself, when the students ask him whether the tags were handmade, Sedaris argues that they were store bought. Nonetheless, these among other humorous are effective in this essay, as they help to remove seriousness in the essay, even though the author passes on important themes. Although â€Å"The Learning Curve† is humorous, this addresses the intelligence of the reader. The author presents his themes in a clever manner and in an easy way for the reader. Nonetheless, this essay is engaging and intellectually vigorous. For instance, Se

An Editorial Internship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

An Editorial Internship - Essay Example After a prolonged negotiation, the human resource department agreed to raise her rate from $12 to $20. The parties involved in a negotiation need to learn the relevant negotiation skills and debunk the various myths associated with negotiations. In her case, Janice knew and recognized her potential. Though the pay was higher than most internship opportunities, Janice was not afraid to seek better recognition. She aimed for a high of $35 an hour and landed on an acceptable $20 per hour. Her ability to avoid the tendency of satisficing and instead of optimizing her strategies by setting higher standards indicates that Janice is an excellent negotiator. Janice avoided the four shortcomings that inhibit effective negotiation. The first shortcoming is known as the lose-lose negotiation that happens when neither party recognizes and capitalizes on their potential. The other situation is settling for too little that is also referred to as the â€Å"winner’s curse† where one party ends up with a minuscule share. Another shortcoming is walking away from the negotiation table due to the rejection of the other party’s terms. The final shortcoming is the agreement bias and occurs when negotiators reach agreements not as good as the available alternatives. In her negotiations, Janice illustrates the value for effective negotiation skills. The time and effort taken to prepare for a negotiation are crucial in ensuring the success of the negotiating parties. The negotiator can realize the importance of the preparation time by analyzing some of the things one needs to achieve through the negotiation. The negotiator attains a maximized aspiration since all aspects are considered. In the example, Janice took the time to realize what she needed to earn while working in the said company. She knew that the pay was higher than what her colleagues received and how to counter the offer.